^[1] For this section, we are indebted to the works of biblical scholars Paul Wegner, Amy Anderson, and Wendy Widder, which are listed in the bibliography. They provided the major categories of mistakes and also provided many of the textual examples listed in this article.

^[2] Emanuel Tov, “Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Methodology,” in The Lexham Bible Dictionary, ed. John D. Barry et al. (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016).

^[3] Amy Anderson and Wendy Widder, Textual Criticism of the Bible, ed. Douglas Mangum, Revised Edition, vol. 1 (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2018), 25–26.

^[4] Isidore Singer, ed., The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1901–1906), s.v. Azazel.

^[5] Verse 3 in Christian Bibles. Only the numbering is different.

^[6] Emphasis added. Paul D. Wegner, A Student’s Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible: Its History, Methods & Results (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2006), 54. Wegner quotes from Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 3rd ed. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992), 195.

^[7] Wegner, Student’s Guide, 53.

^[8] Rashi’s comment on the verse: “Abraham had not gone to stand before Him; rather, it was the Holy One who had come to Abraham to say what He said in vv. 20–21. So our phrase really should be, ‘while the Lord remained standing before Abraham.’ The text as it stands is a ‘correction of the scribes,’ that is, it was reversed by the Sages.” Michael Carasik, ed., Genesis: Introduction and Commentary (Philadelphia, PA: The Jewish Publication Society, 2018), 162.

^[9] Reinhard Wonneberger, Understanding BHS: A Manual for the Users of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 2nd rev. ed., vol. 8 (Roma: Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1990).

^[10] I.e., one source that says, “he was struck” and another source that says, “he was led,” which disagree in their base verb but agree in being a third person masculine passive verb. This is the case in column 3 of the spreadsheet above, under “נגע”

^[11] Wendy Widder, Textual Criticism, ed. Douglas Mangum, Lexham Methods Series (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2013), 159–160.