^[1] All Bible quotations, unless otherwise specified, are from The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2016).

^[2] Quotations of the Masoretic text from Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Electronic Study Edition (Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society, 2003).

^[3] Other biblical passages with similar messages include: Gen 6:5; Gen. 8:21; Ps 14:2–3; 53:2–3; Isa 53:6; Isa 59; Job 15:14–16; 25:4–6. New Testament passages include: Rom 3:23; 9–10; 5:12, Jas 3:12; 1 John 1:8–10.

^[4] All quotations of the Babylonian Talmud, unless otherwise noted, are from Jacob Neusner, ed., The Babylonian Talmud: A Translation and Commentary, trans. Jacob Neusner et al., 22 vols. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2011).

^[5] “Your iniquities have made a separation between you and your God, and your sins have hidden his face away from you so that he does not hear.”

^[6] Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1985), v. Isa 53:5.

^[7] This reading interprets the “we” in this passage as the Prophet Isaiah and the Israelite nation, where Isaiah is speaking on behalf of his people, confessing his participation in sin and his need for forgiveness.

^[8] S. R. Driver and Adolf Neubauer, trans., The Fifty-Third Chapter of Isaiah According to the Jewish Interpreters, 2 vols. (Oxford, UK: James Parker and Co., 1877). For example, the Talmud reads, “What is his [Messiah’s] name? … Rabbis said, “His name is ‘the leper of the school house,’ as it is written, ‘Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows, yet we did esteem him a leper, smitten of God and afflicted’” (Is. 53:4, Sanhedrin 98b).